猪粪还田对土壤硝态氮淋失的影响研究——以黄灌区稻旱轮作制为例

宁夏引黄灌区是水污染严重地区之一,大部分排水沟水质属于劣五类,主要污染物是硝态氮与铵态氮.猪粪还田试验共有3个处理:传统施肥+空白(CK)、传统施肥+猪粪还田4500 kg/hm²(T1)和传统施肥+猪粪还田9000 kg/hm²(T2).采用树脂芯法测定了30,60,90cm土层的硝态氮淋失量.结果表明,30cm土层处,猪粪还田没有明显增加土壤硝态氮淋失.与对照(15.96±0.41) kg/hm²相比,T1(16.85±0.40) kg/hm²与T2(17.01±0.46) kg/hm²没有达到显著差异(P>0.05);60cm土层处理与对照也没有达到显著差异;90cm土层处的猪粪处理与对照达到显著差异,处理之间没有差异.猪粪还田有利于土壤有机质和总氮提高,30cm土层,与对照相比,T1和T2的有机质增加0.95g/kg和1.41g/kg,分别提高7.50%和11.13%;总氮增加0.06和0.16g/kg,分别提高7.72%和22.04%.猪粪还田提高了作物产量,水稻增产12.26%~11.56%,冬小麦产量提高9.32%~12.52%.     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

基于修正遗传算法的夏玉米作物系数及蒸散发估算

农田蒸散量是作物蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量的总和,准确估算农田蒸散量对制定合理的灌溉计划至关重要,进而对农作物的增产保收具有重要的意义。研究作物系数及蒸散量估算模型已成为一个热点科学问题。淮河流域是中国主要的农业生产基地,而夏玉米是淮河流域最主要的粮食作物之一。为研究夏玉米全生育期蒸散估算模型,反映夏玉米逐日作物系数及蒸散量的变化,为当地的农业生产活动提供指导,采用五道沟水文实验站称重式蒸渗仪及气象要素实测数据,应用遗传算法,构建夏玉米全生育期单作物系数蒸散模型,得到其4个生长阶段的作物系数估算值。其中,参考作物蒸散量采用FAO PenmanMonteith公式计算;对估算误差较大的发育期,利用叶面积指数和发育期天数构建调整模型,对发育期作物系数进行数值修正,取得了较好的效果,并进一步估算蒸散量,最终得到遗传算法与多项式回归相结合的夏玉米蒸散估算模型。结果表明:全生育期内,修正后作物系数计算值与实际值的平均绝对误差为0.09,均方根误差为0.12,准确率(绝对误差<0.3)为96.2%;蒸散量计算值与实际值的平均绝对误差为0.89 mm·d^-1,均方根误差为1.28 mm·d^-1,准确率(绝对误差<4 mm·d^-1)为100%;相比FAO推荐的作物系数模型,修正遗传算法模型作物系数和蒸散量的拟合准确率均明显提高,达到精度要求,该文修正遗传算法模型可用于夏玉米的蒸散估算。     

基于MODIS时序NDVI主要农作物种植信息提取研究

农业在黄河三角洲地区占有重要地位,及时、准确地掌握该地区农作物分布信息对政府有关部门制定农业政策、指导农业生产具有十分重要的意义。时序植被指数能够反映农作物物候特征,帮助识别农作物类型,在农作物种植信息提取方面具有明显优势。论文选取2014年MOD09Q1时序遥感数据集,以黄河三角洲主要农作物为研究对象,利用Harmonic Analysis of NDVI Time-Series（Hants）滤波重构NDVI时序曲线,通过对比待分像元NDVI时序曲线与参考时序曲线的相似性,实现农作物种植信息提取。对分类结果进行面积统计和空间分布精度检验：冬小麦、棉花、玉米的面积提取精度分别达到96.8%、95.5%、85.1%,空间匹配总体精度达86.9%。结果表明该方法有效可行,能够为该地区农业监测提供技术基础。     

Traditional crop diversity for sustainable development of Central Himalayan agroecosystems

SUMMARY

A rich diversity of traditional crops occurs generally in the Himalaya and more particularly in Central Himalaya. Over forty species of food grains are grown in traditional agroecosystems of Central Himalaya, which have been managed by the local farming communities since time immemorial. These traditional crop varieties have evolved over centuries and are well adapted to the particular area. A number of edaphic, topographic and climatic factors associated with different selection pressures over centuries of cultivation resulted in immense variations in the crop species.

The grain and by-product yield of the majority of the traditional crops cultivated across an altitudinal gradient were worked out and compared with common food crops (paddy, wheat, mustard) at two points in time (1970-74, 1990–94) and it was found that almost all the traditional crops had slightly higher yields during 1970–74 than between 1990–94. However, common food crops grown during the Kharif season had higher yields during 1990–94 whereas, Rabi season crops exhibited higher yield during 1970–74. The yield of rainfed paddy remained static over the years across the altitudinal gradient. Among the traditional crops cultivated during the Kharif and Rabi seasons in mixed and pure forms at different altitudes were Macrotyloma uniforum (at higher altitude), Parilla frutescens and Vigna mungo (at middle altitude) and Panicum miliaceum (at lower altitude) which were found to be eco-energetically efficient. Avena sativa (oat) and mixed cropping of Fagopyrum esculentum and potato had higher energy efficiency ratios whereas the latter also exhibited a higher monetary output/input ratio. Crops like paddy and wheat with mustard, grown in irrigated land were found to be more eco-energetically efficient than the same crops grown in the rainfed land. In general, traditional crops possess higher nutritive value than the common food crops. The contribution of traditional crops to the local diet (kg/capita/year) and their energy and protein equivalents were higher during both time periods. It was observed that while exporting these traditional crops, the locals of the region are highly exploited by middlemen. Despite having huge potential, traditional crop diversity of this region has been reduced to a great extent during the last two decades. Besides, the area under cultivation with these crops has been declining rapidly. However, many of these crops possess immense potential to meet the growing food demand and ensure food security of an increasing population. Therefore, a comprehensive programme of conservation through various means and improvement of agronomic yield in their natural habitats is urgently needed.     

东北三省农作物洪涝时空风险评估

仅考虑空间差异的灾害风险评估已经满足不了灾害风险管理向精细化方向发展的要求,增加时间维度的时空风险评估分析有利于增强风险评估结果,对提升风险管理的准确性与针对性起着重要的作用.以东北三省为研究区,在气象数据、地形数据、农作物灾情数据和种植面积数据的支撑下,以县和月为单位的时空两个维度开展农作物洪涝时空风险评估研究.在方法上,采用反距离权重法(IDW),利用与县行政区最临近的3个气象站点的日降雨数据插值出县级行政区的日降雨数据;利用二元回归建立农作物洪涝受灾率与过程降雨量、县平均高程之间的农作物洪涝脆弱性函数;分县分月提取过程降雨量,构建非参数核密度的信息扩散模型拟合降雨量的概率分布;综合概率分布与脆弱性函数,计算出分县分月的农作物洪涝条件期望受灾率,实现风险时空差异表达.最后,制作出东北三省县级尺度下4至9月的农作物洪涝风险差异图,并对风险时空差异规律进行分析.     

Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (Oryza sativa), irrigated with water of Ramgarh Lake,Gorakhpur, UP,India

Heavy metals, a highly polluting group of constituents known to exert adverse effects, tend to accumulate in living organisms. The objective of this study was to determine the accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and in paddy crop irrigated with lake water compared to soil and paddy crop irrigated with bore-well water. The quantities of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg) were determined in different parts of rice plants (Oryza sativa). Results revealed that the mean levels of soil Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg in experimental soil and in different parts of rice plant (root, straw, and grain) were higher than the control except for Cu. The content of eight toxic metals was significantly higher in root than in aerial parts of the rice (straw and grains). Rice roots were enriched in Cd, As, Hg, and Pb from the soil, while Cr, Cu, Zn, and Mn were hardly taken by the roots. Bioaccumulation factor for Hg was significantly higher than other heavy metals. Metal transfer factors from soil to rice plants were significant for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg. The concentrations of metals in lake water were found to be within the permissible limit of Indian standard prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (2000), except for Hg and As, which were higher than the limit of Indian standard. However, the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and rice grains were still below the maximal levels, as stipulated by Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA, 1954) and World Health Organization (WHO, 1993) guidelines.     

大城市郊区典型区域农户作物种植选择行为及其影响因素对比研究——基于沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户的调查研究

研究从农户作物种植选择行为角度出发,以马斯洛需求层次理论为基础,通过构建社会经济及政策变化对农户种植选择行为影响机理分析框架和理论模型,基于沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户调查数据,采用统计分析法和Logistic回归分析,研究结果表明:工业化、城市化进程的加快促进了大城市郊区非农就业机会的增多和对农产品需求的增加,导致农户作物种植业选择行为出现了明显的"非粮化"和"非农化"趋势,不同区域农户作物选择行为存在明显的差异,在空间上形成近郊区以种植粮食作物为主→远郊区兼种粮食作物和经济作物为主→纯农村区以种植经济作物为主的"反杜能圈"式的种植模式特征。在此研究基础上,从外部环境包括城市扩展、经济结构、市场价格变化、政策制度安排和内部环境包括个人特征、家庭特征、资源禀赋等7类因素13个因子对产生差异的影响机理进行分析,结果显示不同区域、不同因子的作用方向、影响程度与显著性表现均有所不同。根据以上的研究结果,政府应该从鼓励农户发展休闲农业、合理引导农户把握市场和培养新型农民等方面入手,优化农业结构调整,促进农村土地合理利用,提高土地利用效率,实现农村土地资源的持续利用。     

内蒙古典型草原作物系数和实际蒸散量的时空分布特征

利用内蒙古典型草原21个气象站点的气象和牧草观测资料,结合潜在蒸散量和改进的作物系数计算方法,模拟计算了2009年草原植被作物系数和实际蒸散量.在GIS软件的支持下,分析了二者的时空分布特点,并通过反映牧草长势的NDVI变化趋势予以验证.结果表明:5-8月间随着月份的增加作物系数Kc_x最大值的变化趋势由0.6→1.2→1.4→1.4,平均值是0.28→0.36→0.40→0.38.4个时期的Kc_x值以0.2~0.6之间的区域占主体,为55%以上.实际蒸散量在时间变化和空间分布上与Kc_x值基本一致.随着月份的增加实际蒸散量低值级的区域面积逐渐缩小,相对应的高值级的面积逐渐增大,整个生长季以30~90 mm的蒸散量为主.5-8月牧草实际蒸散量和NDVI值的相关系数达到0.446,通过了0.01水平的显著性检验.     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。